Howard Burkett @hpburkett
musician, wino, unholy hermit... Howard Burkett on tribel @[email protected] @hpburkett.bsky.social [email protected] Houston, TX Joined March 2011-
Tweets14K
-
Followers795
-
Following1K
-
Likes342K
@theAliceRoberts The consequences of having a Tory government for so long. The manifestation of "there is no society" only the individual. They want to destroy any sense we are a fair and decent society. No, they would rather fund/subsidise private schools and have us all focus on shopping.…
Desperately sad news. Museums are treasure houses of objects and knowledge, founts of inspiration for future generations, places of wonder - and research. Places that invite us to see ourselves in a deep, wide context. Our society and culture is impoverished if we lose them.…
Finally read the Uri Berliner piece on NPR biasand I'm baffled by how little the enormous media controversy it spawned has resulted in scrutiny of its claims for factual accuracy. There are significant problems with the piece including obvious, verifiable falsehoods
Finally read the Uri Berliner piece on NPR biasand I'm baffled by how little the enormous media controversy it spawned has resulted in scrutiny of its claims for factual accuracy. There are significant problems with the piece including obvious, verifiable falsehoods
Thread: Want to think out loud about what I've seen and experienced since joining NPR a few years ago. I was hired during NPR's "North Star" era when diversity was established as a priority. I'm an aging rural white man (58 years old). Never graduated college. Didn't see NYC...1/
My account reach is restricted and you all deserve some goodness, so here is a photo of my dog. Please interact with this post to help me break free of algorithmic suppression and to receive your Bonnie boops 🫶🏻
“A war against humanity itself” is the most accurate description of Israel’s monstrous actions. No regard for children — they are targets. No regard for family. No regard for art, culture, history. No regard for law or human rights. No regard for the sanctity of human life.
“A war against humanity itself” is the most accurate description of Israel’s monstrous actions. No regard for children — they are targets. No regard for family. No regard for art, culture, history. No regard for law or human rights. No regard for the sanctity of human life.
The IDF's early explanation re the killing of the World Central Kitchen team is in - per "security sources" speaking to Haaretz. Before we get to the putative pretext for the attack, they also disclose a harrowing detail - the drone bombed the convoy THREE TIMES in succession..
I said no more, but I think it might be a useful contribution to expand upon a criticism I've had on @CoreyRobin's classic everyone has to read, The Reactionary Mind, since it became such a powerful influence on me upon first reading. It ends making the argument that...
one source: "SOME WEIRD SPY STUFF HAPPENED!" ok, well, that's inter- second source: "WEIRD SPY STUFF IN POLAND!" huh ok if there's a - third source: "POLAND, WEIRD SPY STUFF" ...OK fine let's look
I just unlocked this account for the time being and would be grateful for retweets so that more people can find me. I've been algorithmically throttled for a long time here, so if you do see this, please help counter that be boosting.
ICYMI: @radleybalko's meditation on why many heterodox thinkers tripped on their own heterodoxy and got their revisionist history questioning the verdict in the George Floyd so grossly wrong. Must read at @UnPopulistMag theunpopulist.net/p/the-war-on-t…
Glad this was written — it’s a good summary. But…it’s weird coming from a multimillion-dollar outlet with huge resources to do tough stories, but doesn’t really do much of that & instead does corporate events. Reads like the writer’s cry for help tbh. semafor.com/article/03/17/…
This thread. There are more than 200 sects of Christian denominations nationally & 45,000 sects globally, many of which anathemetize the others. Only in secular states are Christians truly safe from each other & other religions safe from them.
(I hope many people will get to read this) [🍓is for G*z*] People in 🍓 are not owned by any political or military party. And don’t convince yourself of something otherwise. Do you know that nearly half the population of 🍓 were born after 2007, the year H*m*s won the democratic…
It's stories like this, from Eli Hager of @propublica that make me glad someone invented the word "gobsmacked." If you drop everything and read it, you'll thank me. propublica.org/article/expert… #fostercare #childabuse #childwelfare
evangelicals when the bible talks about homosexuality: “THE BIBLE IS CLEAR” evangelicals when the bible talks about caring for immigrants : “we need context 👉🏼👈🏼”
1. Native tribes hunted buffalo, but did not bring them to the brink of extinction via mass slaughter, unlike white settlers and the US army (source below). 2. The US absolutely broke treaties with Native tribes. Even SCOTUS recognized that in US v. Sioux Nation of Indians. 1/9
Every new right wing publication is funded by a millionaire who wants America to have a religious dictator. They pay over a dozen writers six figures to pen articles about how feminism is evil. Every new left wing publication has exactly $300 that is passed around indefinitely.
more of this, please. Hanks is exposed to a horrific event in US history, and instead of being angry that he is exposed to something upsetting, he's outraged at the people who kept this in the dark for so long. Serious adults want to understand the world in which they live.
more of this, please. Hanks is exposed to a horrific event in US history, and instead of being angry that he is exposed to something upsetting, he's outraged at the people who kept this in the dark for so long. Serious adults want to understand the world in which they live.
Ling Minturn @mintu_li
66 Followers 5K Following
Touteighr @touteighr10120
4 Followers 286 Following
Cleopatra Mccracken @CleopatraM87638
66 Followers 5K Following
lisa Smith @lisa_smith1001
47 Followers 285 Following Life sharer #Technology enthusiast #Travel exploration"
Betty @bettysimoneau19
197 Followers 3K Following
Hope Sperling @sperling_h31273
53 Followers 5K Following
Dash_Dart @dash_dart28446
2 Followers 857 Following
Ranee Cahillane @CahillaneR85418
25 Followers 5K Following
Harper Hoot @HarperHoot97465
4 Followers 527 Following
Funny_Miss @FunnyMiss212655
16 Followers 1K Following
Ardelle Zellinger @ArdelleZel88480
94 Followers 5K Following
Daniel F. Prinsloo �.. @Daniel7Prinsloo
16K Followers 15K Following Christian / Citizen Journalist / Aspiring Writer / Activist / Loyal to the Palestinian Cause / Inquisitive / Geopolitics Enthusiast
gregory trevor RN @gregory_trevor_
18 Followers 217 Following Registered Nurse, BSN, CCRN, Promoting Physical And Mental Health
Tab @Tejana_Tab
2K Followers 4K Following Lovingly caressing Free Speech. Chief Political Pundit of my House. Rabidly Against Fascism.Independent. Classical Liberal. Attorney. #NeverTrump
Alexandra Mccahill @AlexandMccahi
71 Followers 5K Following
Silvia_US_ @UsSilvia98204
3 Followers 903 Following
Vapor_Vibe @VaporV80968
1 Followers 715 Following
Whi__tepudd @tepudd80595
10 Followers 1K Following
FaiFascination_ @FaiFascina17415
5 Followers 834 Following
Hannah Howard @HannahHowa23906
5 Followers 210 Following
Luna_Thomps @LunaThomps62130
2 Followers 714 Following
Minajennei @minasuireamne
949 Followers 2K Following Like a butterfly, pretty to see, hard to catch.
Aliyah Crummitt @CrummiAli
49 Followers 5K Following
Barbara Tronca @Larry1Smith2
117 Followers 3K Following What sinners are afraid of will catch up with them. But those who do right will get what they want. - Proverbs 10:24
Andrea Scharber @ScharbAndr
39 Followers 5K Following
esther gabe @esthergabe11112
57 Followers 157 Following
Emily_Clark @EmilyCl54780073
2 Followers 848 Following
Thalia Yara @ThaliaYar
75 Followers 5K Following
Maryam Shippee @mar_shippe
74 Followers 5K Following
Tillie Fenstermacher @TillieFens92375
83 Followers 5K Following
Tracie Utzinger @TracieU59456
68 Followers 5K Following
Daphine Holmgren @daphine65724
89 Followers 5K Following
Honor Berardino @HonBerardi
40 Followers 5K Following
Therese Schaus @scha_there
34 Followers 5K Following
Verlene Rarden @verle_rar
39 Followers 4K Following
Merryn Bellina @MerrynB48835
38 Followers 5K Following
Esma Poffenroth @es_poffenro
28 Followers 4K Following
Emerson Speich @EmersonSpe67296
65 Followers 5K Following
Frida Harke @har_frid
33 Followers 5K Following
Kina Boumthavee @boumthavee50312
99 Followers 5K Following
Marcene Ewen @MarceneE35994
92 Followers 5K Following
Myrtie Fratzke @MyrtieF2390
77 Followers 5K Following
lsabella @lsabella14152
56 Followers 1K Following Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts.
Florence @mahone74florenc
184 Followers 3K Following
Kevin M. Kruse @KevinMKruse
466K Followers 3K Following No longer posting here -- try the same handle on Substack, Bluesky and Threads. CAMPAIGN TRAILS newsletter: https://t.co/B5Q3HztuHd
Lee Camp [Redacted] @LeeCamp
222K Followers 15K Following Most censored comedian in America—Former host of Redacted Tonight—Livestreams 4 days week at Rumble dot com slash LeeCamp
David Sirota @davidsirota
329K Followers 3K Following Founder, @LeverNews; WGA winner/Oscar nominee for #DontLookUp; spouse of @EmilyforCO; Denverite, proud dad.
Peter Kalmus @ClimateHuman
339K Followers 13K Following NASA climate scientist. Arrested for defending Earth. @ClimateAd, @EarthHeroOrg. Opinions mine. #EmergencyMode
Briahna Joy Gray @briebriejoy
391K Followers 4K Following Host @BadFaithPod, co-host @RisingTheHill. Former National Press Secretary for #BernieSanders2020. Former Senior Politics Editor @theintercept
Steven Donziger @SDonziger
203K Followers 3K Following
Jacobin @jacobin
388K Followers 8 Following Jacobin offers socialist perspectives on politics, economics, and culture. Support our work and subscribe to our print magazine!
Mark Pitcavage @egavactip
58K Followers 5K Following Senior Research Fellow, ADL Center on Extremism. Historian, long-time expert on right-wing extremism. Long-lost scion of Sidney Greenstreet. My own views only.
Walker Bragman moved .. @WalkerBragman
66K Followers 2K Following Co-Founder: @OptOutNews Reporting: https://t.co/aV56NH3a9k BlueSky: @[email protected]. Threads: walkerbragman Tips: [email protected]
Dr. Victoria Dooley @DrDooleyMD
51K Followers 2K Following Family Medicine Expert | Health Media | We Are Somebody Board Member | Fmr. @BernieSanders 2020 National Surrogate & DNC Delegate | Health Care Activist
Amanda Marcotte @AmandaMarcotte
93K Followers 1K Following Senior writer, Salon. Subscribe to my newsletter, Standing Room Only. https://t.co/j8JdhDNZsM Post: amandamarcotte Mastodon: @[email protected]
J. Michael Straczynsk.. @straczynski
83K Followers 68 Following Official account since 2011. READ FAQ BEFORE POSTING https://t.co/AMh5M6IwJ3. No story ideas please. Find my stuff at https://t.co/LLS88hb7X3
Waleed Shahid 🪬 @_waleedshahid
135K Followers 4K Following Very Senior Democratic Strategist. Fmr Spokesperson, @justicedems. @BernieSanders, @AOC, @JamaalBowmanNY. YNWA. RTs are not endorsements.
Kevin Gannon @TheTattooedProf
77K Followers 13K Following Educational developer, writer, historian, abolitionist. Not really here anymore. Same username on bluesky.
David Dayen @ddayen
88K Followers 1K Following Executive editor, @TheProspect. Author, Chain of Title and Monopolized. Tips/pitches at ddayen at prospect dot org.
Dr. Steve Keen @ProfSteveKeen
105K Followers 1K Following Help me build a new economics by supporting me on either Patreon or Substack. Debunking Economics, Minsky.
Dr. William Horne @wihorne
27K Followers 5K Following Teacher. Radical. Postdoc, @clasvillanova; PhD, @GWHistoryDept. In Case of Emergency: https://t.co/OHJoBVOMCG. (he/him)
Txnewsprincess @txnewsprincess
5K Followers 3K Following Chief cook and bottle washer. Did that thing that time that sometimes people remember. Hates lima beans.
Lee Mordechai @LeeMordechai
14K Followers 93 Following Assistant Prof. at @HebrewU. Work on Byzantine history, environmental history, the Justinianic Plague and the 536 event. Opinions are my own.
Johannes Josephus @nassaujuan
3K Followers 2K Following Pton ‘22. Medieval History Ph.D. student. Maronite Anglo-Catholic in a lifelong pilgrimage to the New Jerusalem. Ora et labora! All opinions strictly in jest.
Aaron Fritschner @Fritschner
28K Followers 6K Following House guy. DCoS/CD @RepDonBeyer | along the way @JenniferWexton @DeborahRossNC | he/him | Hendersonville, NC native | SciFi + RocknRoll | Tweets mine/dumb
Mae Forrest Barnes �.. @Dr_MaeForrest
797 Followers 2K Following Mae, she/her, 36, trans genderqueer disabled theologian, lefty anarchist, working on phd. Sick Meat Experiment.
Dimi Reider | dimirei.. @reider
19K Followers 7K Following National Editor @theleaduk. Co-founder @972mag.Bylines @nytimes,@foreignaffairs,@nyrb @lrb, @haaretz,@reuters etc,[email protected] journalism & trauma.
ian lasch @ianlasch
1K Followers 1K Following theology & liturgy nerd | @riteandmusical host | autistic | أبو إلياس و أبو عزرا | cleveland/osu sports | “the boy who cried serious” | phd student @ aberdeen
David Sinden @sinden
2K Followers 4K Following Episcopalian, organist, conductor. Host of @riteandmusical. Really into submarine movies. He/him.
Laura Kuenssberg beyo.. @LKTranslator
253K Followers 41K Following The UK's finest journalist. Once had a fling with Boris Johnson. Parody. Follow my Substack 👇 https://t.co/au2aBU2YrG
Prune60 @Prune602
6K Followers 195 Following Electrical/Power Systems Engineer, Queen of Anglo-Saxonia, ✏️*sigh* there will be typos, and spontaneous threads
Lisa Rubin @lawofruby
270K Followers 2K Following @msnbc legal correspondent & recovering litigator; former: off-air legal analyst @maddow, @wagnertonight. Don’t let the pearls fool ya.
Georgia Shenk @GeorgiaShenk
17K Followers 2K Following Writer + Antisocialite ✿ @reductress ✿ @TheSecondCity trained ✿ say [email protected]
Earth & Altar @earthandaltar
6K Followers 467 Following Rooted in the tradition of The Episcopal Church and Anglican Communion, Earth & Altar fosters conversation among all Christians committed to inclusive orthodoxy
CrémantCommunarde #B.. @0Calamity
44K Followers 6K Following Jane Heybroek. Personal acct. Buddhist. Barrister. MA Reconciliation and Peacebuilding #BeAPeacemonger ☮️
DCPetterson @dcpetterson
20K Followers 5K Following Novelist, software consultant, guitar, keyboards, esoteric religion, and weird stuff. Author of Lupa Bella and A Melancholy Humour. Слава Україні!
Yoav Litvin @nookyelur
24K Followers 2K Following Writer and photographer | anti racist | PhD in Neuroscience |“Straight, No Chaser”
Yoïn van Spijk @yvanspijk
18K Followers 714 Following /'dʒowɪn/ • historisch taalkundige | historical linguist • dialectoloog | dialectologist • See my Tumblr for all graphics and videos: https://t.co/vDE6Wth705
Arnaud Bertrand @RnaudBertrand
210K Followers 994 Following Entrepreneur. Previously HouseTrip (sold to TripAdvisor), now https://t.co/C4SmZQ8JaE Subscribe if you like what I write
Warren B. Mosler @wbmosler
30K Followers 79 Following White Paper: https://t.co/d1bTABI1QC My free short online book, The 7 Deadly Innocent Frauds of Economic Policy: https://t.co/bFdUV9ynJp
Pekka Kallioniemi @P_Kallioniemi
146K Followers 2K Following Creator of #vatniksoup and The Soup Central. Inquiries to [email protected]
11th Hour @11thHour
195K Followers 737 Following The official Twitter account for The 11th Hour With @SRuhle on @MSNBC. Watch weeknights at 11PM ET. #11thHour
Stephanie Ruhle @SRuhle
811K Followers 2K Following Host of @11thhour on @msnbc M-F 11PM EST, @nbcnews Snr Business Analyst, former: @Bloombergtv, Deutsche Bank, CSFB. L❤️ver of odd #s & even playing fields
In Quires and Places .. @QuireMemes
7K Followers 457 Following Put on glorious apparel. Memes, merch, and music, since 2020.
Texas Paul Schroder @Paultx890
144K Followers 2K Following Patriot. Democrat. Liberal. Political Commentator. Political Consultant.
Shoshana Schwebel @sschweb1
7K Followers 1K Following PhD candidate in Germanic studies. Anti-Zionist Jewess. Socialist. (she/her)
Guy Fiero™ @theliamnissan
325K Followers 14K Following What I have is a particular set of skills; skills that make me a nightmare for Nazi dickbags on the internet. I joke, and drive a Nissan (parody)
Ari Drennen @AriDrennen
102K Followers 6K Following lgbtq news for @mmfa • author of 'thoughts on weightlessness' (2023): https://t.co/J09RlbltwF • avid outdoorswoman • opinions mine
Jasmine Crockett @JasmineForUS
244K Followers 2K Following Congresswoman #TX30 | Civil Rights & Criminal Attorney | Progressive | Former State Rep for HD100 | DST 1913 🐘🔥| She/Her/Ella
Shadi khalloul שאד.. @shadikhalloul
6K Followers 3K Following Founder Israeli Christian Aramaic NGO. Maronite. Patriotic Israeli. Former Knesset candidate. Advocacy for Christian Israeli - Aramaic rights.
Munther Isaac منذ�.. @MuntherIsaac
44K Followers 751 Following Father. Husband. Palestinian Christian Theologian. Evangelical Lutheran Pastor in Bethlehem. Academic Dean of Beth Bible College. Lead Christ at the Checkpoint.
Khalil Sayegh @KhalilJeries
14K Followers 2K Following Political analyst | Palestinian politics |Israeli-Palestinian conflict | Arab democracy | Co-founder & President of Agora (ἀγορά) Initiative
sam sax @samsax1
14K Followers 2K Following MADNESS (National Poetry Series), BURY IT (James Laughlin Award), & PIG. YR DEAD forthcoming @mcsweeney. booking: @shipman_agency (they/he) queer jew4free 🇵🇸
joshua gutterman tran.. @jdgtranen
13K Followers 6K Following anti-zionist jew I writer | work in The Nation, Boston Review, Guernica, The Baffler
Mouin Rabbani @MouinRabbani
56K Followers 477 Following
Mosab Abu Toha @MosabAbuToha
21K Followers 108 Following Things You May Find Hidden in My Ear (City Lights) National Book Critics Circle Award Finalist& Palestine Book Award Winner& Founder of Edward Said Library-Gaza
Mona Chalabi @MonaChalabi
96K Followers 2K Following Data Editor, Guardian US. Trying to take the numb out of numbers, left with lots of ers. Email me… [email protected]
Dave Wasserman @Redistrict
642K Followers 1K Following Senior Editor & Elections Analyst of the nonpartisan @CookPolitical Report w/ @AmyEWalter. Nerd for 🗺️ maps, ⛷️ ski slopes & 🎻 trad tunes. Has seen enough.
Summer Hart❤️�.. @SummerHartxxx
154K Followers 7K Following ⚠️18+ ONLY. Pro-Am Adult Filmmaker/talent in VR and 2D. Ungovernable bisexual slut. Support @SwaidVegas Bookings @_ATMLA. See the stuff you came for here:
Forrest Rogers @Forrest_Rogers
11K Followers 2K Following Open source/ visual investigations reporter @NZZ. Military brat. Secret keeper. Professional overthinker. Sedition hunter. Dog dad. [email protected]
Michael Eisen @mbeisen
77K Followers 15K Following I science & try to make science open. Tweets do not represent my employer's views, but are always correct. My conflicts of interest https://t.co/bZ7I9oSJe0.
David Hayward | Artis.. @nakedpastor
35K Followers 28K Following Art that heals ❤️ Shipping worldwide.🌍 #artist #deconstruction
Miro C @MiroCyo
9K Followers 30 Following Genetic Algebra and Population Genetics. Plausible Deniability 😇 IDK how long I’ll frequent this cesspool.
Celeste Headlee @CelesteHeadlee
27K Followers 3K Following Writer, journalist, speaker. She/her. Black/Jewish. Live: Piscataway land. Detroit stan 4ever. Latest book: https://t.co/L4A5M0WK5I [email protected]
Andrew Reeves @AndrewSshi
2K Followers 2K Following I'm a balding Episcopalian with a PhD in medieval studies and a research focus on Church history. I get excited about oatmeal and post pics of my cats online.
Carol Vorderman @carolvorders
970K Followers 3K Following TV/Best-selling author. @LBC Sunday 4-7pm Free school meals kid at Cambridge, now Educational Philanthropist. Politically independent https://t.co/g9jDJSwPww
Roy Tsao @RoyTsaoNYC
3K Followers 2K Following Teaching political theory/philosophy at Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, + Shax & co at BC/CUNY. Bird stalker. 🏳️🌈. Now on that other site too.
@dieworkwear Can we agree that the woman who appears in these photos with the Duke is also impeccably dressed.
Not only are most of the clothes above ready-to-wear, but some were thrifted or even bought off of eBay. To accomplish the same looks, one only needs to develop the eye, figure out their own fit challenges, and be patient with the process of building a wardrobe.
For fuuuuucks sake! This is the THIRD Tory scandal TODAY.
A Conservative donor, who paid for private jet flights for Rishi Sunak, has £14 million of his assets frozen due to fraud allegations ft.com/content/c857fc…
@neolti The Hebrew Bible's text has been extremely stable for an even longer time than the Quran: x.com/PhDniX/status/…
It's clear that the Uthman's Quran recension is a very stable text tradition, and I'm sometimes asked: is there any text in antiquity that shows a similar kind of stability over such a long time? The answer: Yes there is. The (proto-)Masoretic tradition of the Hebrew bible.🧵
I'm sure they will touch on several of these topics together, and I am interesting to see how Ehrman reacts to it. Incidentally Ehrman was one of Shomaker's teachers and "Creating the Qur'an" was clearly (and by his own admission) inspired from Ehrman's Jesus Before the Gospels.
If you think these kinds topics are cool, and the critical investigation into the history of the Quran and the Bible in a comparative way is worthwhile make sure to check out my friend @DrJavadTHashmi's course together with @BartEhrman. ehrman.thrivecart.com/bibleandquran/
Because all manuscripts descend from a single archetype, we don't need to show all of the early radiocarbon dated manuscripts are definitely pre-ʿAbd al-Malik. We only need one. If one pre-dates ʿAbd al-Malik, the archetype must predate ʿAbd al-Malik and he can't be the canonizer
I personally do not think these two argument actually get you to ʿAbd al-Malik. At best they get you to a place where one decides the evidence is equivocal. I don't believe the data to be equivocal though.
Shoemaker's argument: 1. There are many reports that suggest ʿAbd al-Malik (or his governor al-Ḥajjāj) did *something* to the Quran. This must be a historical memory. (fair enough) 2. Radiocarbon dating is not precise enough to distinguish ʿAbd al-Malik versus ʿUṯmān.
I think these arguments leave little reason to think anyone other than ʿUṯmān canonized the text. But recently Stephen Shoemaker has challenged this. He thinks the Umayyad caliph ʿAbd al-Malik (reign 685:705) standardized the text. I disagree.
As I hinted at earlier: there is one manuscript that does not descend from this archetype. The Sanaa Palimpsest. The variants in the Sanaa Palimpsest are closely akin to what we find among companion codices. It is clear this text is a (copy of a) very early companion codex.
While some early papers already showed that manuscripts indeed show clear regionality, Hythem Sidky's 2020 paper went all the way and collected variant data for as many manuscripts as possible, and showed that a stemma of regional master copies appears from the data.
Another feature that similarly points to an early centralized canonization is found in the regionality. By looking at the small differences between different manuscripts, we see that we can construct a stemma of four ancestral regional copies that descend from the archetype.
Radiocarbon dating of several of these manuscripts to the late seventh century prove quite conclusively that the archetype (which must necessarily predate these copies) must have been even earlier than that. This is consistent with an Uthmanic canonization.
That is when I wrote my "Grace of God" article, where I show that the idiosyncratic spelling of the phrase niʿmat aḷḷāh is almost perfectly reproduced in all early manuscripts. doi.org/10.1017/S00419… All manuscripts descend from a single written archetype.
This is true not just for this page and just these two manuscripts. This is standard for any page of any 7th century manuscript: the deviations are extremely minimal. To "intuit" this, you do need to look at a lot of manuscripts, in 2019 I tried to formalize this intuition.
That the text is highly stable is obvious from even casual observation of Quranic manuscripts. Take these two folios of the British Library manuscript and the Birmingham Fragment of approximately the same portion of text. They are letter-for-letter identical, except for one ʾalif
By looking at early manuscripts, we can show that virtually all manuscripts descend from a single archetype: there was a single standardization moment from which all known copies of the Quran (except for the Sanaa Palimpsest) descend.
This skepticism wasn't wholly unwarranted at the time. The Uthmanic canonization really had been uncritically accepted, not based on any material evidence. But we now have access to many manuscripts, beautifully digitized, we can test the historicity of these claims!
Traditionally, the third caliph ʿUṯmān is believed to have standardized the text. However, in critical scholarship of the '70s the historicity of this view came to be questioned. How can we really be sure that what the tradition tells us is correct?
Trends for United States
You might like
