The UN isn't good at forecasting the fertility rate.
Of 67 countries below replacement fertility in 2010, the UN had forecast them holding steady or rising each time. They were wrong.
An eigenvector of a matrix is a direction it does not turn, only scales: Av = λv.
Here A is blended in from the identity, (1 − s)I + sA. The box on (−1, 2, 2), (2, −1, 2) and (2, 2, −1) never turns; its edges only scale, by 1.8, 1.2 and 0.6, the roots of det(A − λI) = 0, and a point inside rides along to Ax.
A is symmetric, so the three directions are perpendicular, and A = λ₁v₁v₁ᵀ + λ₂v₂v₂ᵀ + λ₃v₃v₃ᵀ for the unit vᵢ.
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No. Noting that global PCA compresses African diversity along the Out-of-Africa axis, and that visual distances on the plot are therefore unreliable as measures of absolute differentiation, is not a dismissal of the method. It is a refusal to treat those relative coordinates as evidence of a large genetic gap. The complementary statistics you mention already supply the absolute scale the chart omits.
We are largely on the same page; the only real difference is that you read the post as rejecting PCA rather than pointing out a few flaws and rejecting one common overinterpretation of its output.
Nope. That’s a common misreading of these plots.
It’s like looking at three cities on a map and assuming that just because one sits geographically between the other two, the others must have branched off from it. Position on the axes doesn’t equal historical origin.
Your child sitting genetically between you and your wife does not mean you and your wife descend from your child.
@Classicist9999 False.X
The chart is fabricated and does not reflect real genetic data or the listed sources.X
The cited papers (1000 Genomes Project, Simons Genome Diversity Project, Lazaridis et al. 2014, Reich et al. 2009, Jeong et al. 2019, etc.) analyze human genetic variation. They
It seems this post has riled up a few racists. Here's my final note on this:
Showing a 3D globe on a flat page always distorts distances. On a typical world map, the United States and Russia sit near opposite edges and look maximally far apart. In reality, Earth wraps around, so the shortest route runs across the Arctic and parts of Alaska and eastern Russia are only a few dozen miles apart. The flat map cannot show that wrap-around, which is why they appear on opposite ends of the world. The same view can stretch Greenland to the size of Africa. Every choice of axes exaggerates some distances and hides others.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) does the same kind of flattening, but the distortion (and information loss) is far more severe. A map only has to collapse three dimensions into two. Genetic data starts with thousands of dimensions (one for each DNA variant). PCA throws almost all of them away, keeping only the two directions along which the samples differ most - roughly analogous to keeping only a north–south line and an east–west line after throwing away not just depth (z-axis) but thousands of other dimensions. The result is a 2D shadow of a much higher-dimensional cloud, so the warping is orders of magnitude greater than anything a map projection produces, and most of the original information is simply discarded.
In the usual global human PCAs, the largest difference is the African/non-African split, so that contrast is stretched across the first axis (PC1). Africans sit at one end and non-Africans at the other. The second axis (PC2) then captures the next-biggest contrast, usually within non-Africans (East Asians versus Europeans). Africans are compressed onto the middle of PC2 because that axis is not describing differences that involve them. The clusters therefore look “worlds apart.”
Treating that picture as proof Africans are "worlds apart" from the rest of humanity or that they are less human is the same mistake as treating the edge-to-edge placement of Russia and the United States as proof they are the most distant places on Earth - except the underlying collapse from thousands of dimensions makes the visual gap even less reliable as a measure of overall distance. The gap is real only relative to the two axes the algorithm chose to maximise variance in the samples being plotted. It is not a fixed scale of genetic distance or species membership. Add well-represented Khoe-San or other deeply divergent African groups and the projection re-orients; the old African/non-African stretch is no longer dominant.
All the individuals remain modern humans. The plot summarises the largest differences in the data; it is not an undistorted measure of how human anyone is.
If you were to add any primate DNA (e.g. chimpanzee or gorilla) to this PCA chart, all humans would collapse into one tightly packed cluster on the opposite end far away from everything else.
Namibians were put under Apartheid government alongside South Africans
They are the only country that actually experienced and fought Apartheid with us. Yet they never use that to extort and demand freebies from SA. It's always parasite countries that kept a safe distance
The reality of being below replacement rate is making even the hardest people bend. The countries most compatible with Japan have a complicated history with Japan. Many of these countries also have their own population crises to deal with.
Horrible situation to be in.
Japan just signed a 10-year deal to bring in Bangladeshi workers.
Higher projections estimate upwards of 100,000 Bangladeshi workers per year.
Prime Minister Takaichi, what are you doing?
Andrew Wilson Predicts That Women Will Become Obsolete
“If you no longer needed women for reproduction, why wouldn’t we select them out of the gene pool?”
Andrew Wilson Explains How Elon Musk Will Make Women Obsolete
“That would completely eliminate all behavioral crisis of women, because now they have competition with something they can't fight, they can't talk shit about it and ruin its reputation.”
(Via Jack Neel)
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